Cystitis
Cystitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bladder. It can be caused by bacteria infecting the bladder or by non-bacterial inflammation caused by irritation. 4 out 5 women will get cystitis at least once in their lifetime. Generally, women are more likely to suffer from cystitis than men.
Some people are more susceptible than others to suffer from cystitis:
- Young women who tend to be more sexually active
- Pregnant women due to the hormonal changes the body is going through
- Elderly women, women in late pregnancy and those with conditions preventing them from fully emptying the bladder, e.g. bladder or kidney stones or an enlarged prostate
- Post-menopausal women as the reduction of oestrogen levels causes a thinning of the lining of the urethra and vagina and thus increases the risk of infection
Children and men can also suffer from cystitis, although it is less common. They should always consult a doctor, as cystitis in men can be caused by an enlarged prostate which will need to be checked. For young children it is important to rule out any abnormality of the urinary system.
Mild to moderate cases of cystitis are generally caused by an irritation or bruising of the bladder (traumatic cystitis). Most often, this is a result of intense sexual activity which is why it is also called 'Honeymoon Cystitis'. Traumatic cystitis can often be followed by a bacterial infection of the bladder.
Other reasons for irritation of the bladder include:
- Highly scented toiletries such as perfumed soaps, shower gels, powders and vaginal deodorants
- Spermicides in contraceptive gels, sponges or condoms
- Drinks such as coffee, alcohol and fruit juices, which make the urine more acidic and can therefore irritate the bladder
- Tight clothing that restricts air access, such as tight trousers, leotards, tights and swim-suits
- Dehydration (not drinking enough fluids), which can cause crystals of uric acid to irritate the bladder
- An allergic response to certain foods and drinks
- Going to the toilet irregularly, holding on for too long, or not emptying the bladder fully
Bacterial cystitis is usually more troublesome. It is mainly caused by a bacterium called Escherichia coli (or E. coli) which normally lives in the lower gastrointestinal tract without causing any problems. Women are at a higher risk of getting cystitis due to the relatively short distance between urethra and anus. Also, the urethra is much shorter in women than in men so it is easier for bacteria to reach the bladder once they are in the urethra. Wiping from back to front, inserting tampons and sexual activity can all increase the risk of bacteria being introduced into the bladder. If the bacteria then multiply faster than they can be flushed out with urination, an infection can develop.
Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is a chronic condition in which the bladder wall becomes inflamed for a long period of time, causing recurring discomfort in the bladder and surrounding pelvic region.
The main symptoms of IC are a frequent need to urinate, an urgent need to urinate, or a combination of both. IC may also cause pain in the abdomen or vaginal area.
The cause of IC is unknown. Although it may begin with infection, it is not thought to be caused by bacteria. Whilst symptoms may improve after a few months, they can go on for years. If your symptoms persist, it is recommended that you consult your doctor.
For more information on Interstitial Cystitis, please visit: www.cobfoundation.org/IC/interstitialCystitis.html
The most common signs of cystitis are:
- Burning or stinging sensations when passing urine
- A frequent urge to urinate (polyuria) and potentially painful urination (dysuria)
- Feeling that bladder can't be fully emptied
If a customer experiences more severe cystitis, symptoms may include:
- Strong smelling urine
- Cloudy or dark urine
- Blood in urine (hematuria)
- Abdominal pain or backache and pressure in the lower pelvis
- Fever, temperature and weakness
When experiencing any of these symptoms, medical advice should be sought as it may indicate other, more serious urinary tract infections or a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
